PTFE ndi Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)

Kodi PTFE ndi PFOA ndi chiyani?Kodi akupezeka kuti?

PTFE ndi dzina la mankhwala opangidwa ndi anthu otchedwa polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).Yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazamalonda kuyambira 1940s.Imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana chifukwa ndiyokhazikika kwambiri (simagwirizana ndi mankhwala ena) ndipo imatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale malo osasunthika.Anthu ambiri amachidziwa ngati chophikira chopanda ndodo cha mapoto ndi zophikira zina.Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zina zambiri, monga zoteteza nsalu.Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti C8, ndi mankhwala ena opangidwa ndi anthu.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga polima ndi mankhwala ofanana (omwe amadziwika kuti fluorotelomers), ngakhale amawotchedwa panthawiyi ndipo sapezeka muzinthu zomaliza.PFOA ili ndi kuthekera kokhala ndi nkhawa chifukwa imatha kukhala m'chilengedwe komanso m'thupi la munthu kwa nthawi yayitali.Kafukufuku wapeza kuti amapezeka padziko lonse lapansi pamilingo yotsika kwambiri pafupifupi pafupifupi magazi a aliyense.Magazi okwera kwambiri apezeka mwa anthu ammudzi komwe madzi am'deralo adayipitsidwa ndi PFOA.Anthu omwe ali ndi PFOA kuntchito amatha kukhala ndi milingo yochulukirapo nthawi zambiri.PFOA ndi mankhwala ena ofanana amapezeka pazakudya zina, madzi akumwa, komanso fumbi lanyumba.Ngakhale kuti ma PFOA m'madzi akumwa nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika, amatha kukhala apamwamba m'madera ena, monga pafupi ndi zomera za mankhwala zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito PFOA.Anthu amathanso kuwonetseredwa ndi PFOA kuchokera ku ski wax kapena kuchokera ku nsalu ndi carpeting zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zisawonongeke. .Zophika zopanda ndodo sizomwe zimapangitsa kuti PFOA iwonetsedwe.Kodi PTFE ndi PFOA zimayambitsa khansa?PTFEPTFEpalokha sikuganiziridwa kuti imayambitsa khansa.PFOAKafukufuku wambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa ayang'ana kuthekera kwa PFOA kumayambitsa khansa.Ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yayikulu ya maphunziro a 2 kuyesa kudziwa ngati chinthu choterocho chingayambitse khansa.Maphunziro mu labM'maphunziro omwe amachitidwa mu labu, nyama zimakumana ndi chinthu (nthawi zambiri pamlingo waukulu kwambiri) kuti awone ngati chimayambitsa zotupa kapena zovuta zina zaumoyo.Ofufuza atha kuwululanso ma cell amunthu mu mbale ya labu kuti awone ngati imayambitsa mitundu ya kusintha komwe kumawonedwa m'maselo a khansa. mabere (mabere), ndi kapamba mu nyama izi.Kawirikawiri, maphunziro ochitidwa bwino pa zinyama amachita ntchito yabwino yolosera zomwe zimayambitsa khansa mwa anthu.Koma sizodziwikiratu ngati momwe mankhwalawa amakhudzira chiwopsezo cha khansa mu nyama chingakhale chimodzimodzi mwa anthu.Maphunziro mwa anthuMitundu ina ya maphunziro imayang'ana kuchuluka kwa khansa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu.Maphunzirowa atha kufananiza kuchuluka kwa khansa mu gulu lomwe limakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa khansa mu gulu lomwe silinawonekere, kapena kuyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa khansa pagulu la anthu ambiri.Koma nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kudziwa zomwe zotsatira za maphunziro amtunduwu zikutanthawuza, chifukwa zinthu zina zambiri zingakhudze zotsatirazo.Kafukufuku wayang'ana anthu omwe ali ndi PFOA akukhala pafupi kapena kugwira ntchito mu zomera za mankhwala.Ena mwa maphunzirowa awonetsa kuti chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha khansa ya testicular ndi kuwonjezeka kwa PFOA.Kafukufuku wasonyezanso kuti pali kugwirizana kwa khansa ya impso ndi khansa ya chithokomiro, koma kuwonjezeka kwa chiopsezo kwakhala kochepa ndipo mwina kudachitika mwamwayi.Koma si maphunziro onse omwe apeza maulalo oterowo, ndipo kafukufuku wochulukirapo akufunika kuti afotokoze zomwe zapezazi.Zomwe akatswiri mabungwe amanenaMabungwe angapo a m'mayiko ndi padziko lonse amaphunzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana za chilengedwe kuti adziwe ngati zingayambitse khansa.(Chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa khansa kapena chomwe chimathandizira kukula kwa khansa chimatchedwa acarcinogen.) Bungwe la American Cancer Society limayang’ana ku mabungwe amenewa kuti aone zoopsa zimene zingachitike potengera umboni wochokera ku labotale, nyama, ndi kafukufuku wa anthu.International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)ndi gawo la World Health Organisation (WHO).Chimodzi mwa zolinga zake ndikuzindikira zomwe zimayambitsa khansa.IARC yaika PFOA ngati "mwina carcinogenic kwa anthu" (Gulu 2B), kutengera umboni wochepa mwa anthu kuti ikhoza kuyambitsa khansa ya testicular ndi impso, komanso umboni wochepa wa nyama za labu. Zodziwika ndi Zomwe Zingatheke Kupha Anthu.)The USEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA)imasunga Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), nkhokwe yamagetsi yomwe ili ndi chidziwitso chokhudza thanzi la munthu kuchokera pakukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe.EPA sinakhazikitse PFOA m'gulu la carcinogenicity yake. Mu lipoti (osati lomaliza), EPA's Scientific Advisory Board idaunika umboni wa PFOA, makamaka kuchokera ku maphunziro a nyama za labu, ndipo inanena kuti pali "umboni wowoneka bwino wa carcinogenicity, koma sikokwanira kuwunika kuthekera kwa munthu kukhala ndi khansa. ”Bungweli lidavomereza kuti umboni watsopano udzaganiziridwa pamene ukupezeka.Mabungwe ena sanayesebe bwinobwino ngati PFOA ingayambitse khansa.Kodi chikuchitika ndi chiyani pa PFOA?Zotsatira za nthawi yayitali za PFOA ndi mankhwala ofanana sizidziwika, koma pakhala pali nkhawa yokwanira kuti ayesetse kuthetsa utsi wotuluka m'mafakitale.Ndi makampani ochepa okha omwe agwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa popanga zaka zaposachedwa.Ngakhale kuti zotsatira za thanzi la PFOA zomwe zingatheke kwa nthawi yaitali sizikudziwika, nkhaniyi ikuphunziridwa ndi EPA ndi mabungwe ena.Kuphatikiza apo, mu 2006, EPA ndi opanga 8 omwe adagwiritsa ntchito PFOA panthawiyo adagwirizana ndi "pulogalamu yoyang'anira".Zolinga zake zinali kuti makampani achepetse mpweya wotulutsa m'mafakitale ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu za PFOA ndi 95% pofika chaka cha 2010, komanso kuti athetse PFOA kuchokera kuzinthu zotulutsa ndi zomwe zili muzinthu kumapeto kwa 2015. Makampaniwa apereka malipoti apachaka okhudza momwe akuyendera EPA, ndipo malipoti aposachedwa awonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa.Kuchepa kwa kufuna kwa PFOA kwachititsanso kuti makampani ambiri asiye kupanga.Komabe, mu 2009, EPA idatulutsa upangiri waumoyo wapanthawi (PHAs) wa PFOA ndi PFOS m'madzi akumwa.Malangizowa amalimbikitsa kuti zochita ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti muchepetse kuwonekera pamene zonyansa zidutsa pamlingo wina m'madzi akumwa - 0.4 µg/L (micrograms pa lita) ya PFOA ndi 0.2 µg/L ya PFOS.Malangizowa sali ovomerezeka mwalamulo ku federal ndipo akhoza kusintha pamene chidziwitso chatsopano chikupezeka.Kodi ndiyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti ndidziteteze, monga kusagwiritsa ntchito mapoto anga okutidwa ndi polima?Kupatula chiwopsezo chokhala ngati chimfine chifukwa chopuma utsi wa poto yotenthedwa ndi polima, palibe zoopsa zomwe zimadziwika kuti anthu kugwiritsa ntchito.PTFE- zokutira zophikira.Ngakhale kuti PFOA imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga polima, palibe (kapena imapezeka pang'onopang'ono) muzinthu zopangidwa ndi polima. Chifukwa mayendedwe omwe anthu amatha kupita nawo ku PFOA sakudziwika, sizikudziwika kuti ndi njira ziti zomwe anthu angatenge. kuchepetsa kuwonekera kwawo.Malinga ndi US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), anthu omwe gwero lawo lamadzi akumwa amapezeka kuti ali ndi PFOA kapena mankhwala ena ofanana amatha kuganizira kugwiritsa ntchito madzi am'mabotolo kapena kukhazikitsa zosefera zamadzi a kaboni.

Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi nkhawa kuti mwina adakumana ndi kuchuluka kwa PFOA, kuchuluka kwa magazi kumatha kuyesedwa, koma izi sizomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse ku ofesi ya dokotala.Ngakhale mayeso atachitidwa, sizikudziwika kuti zotsatira zake zingatanthauze chiyani pankhani ya thanzi.